Fig. 9

Risk factors of all-cause death. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence interval) of the associations between the age, sex, ethnicity and malaria species (Pf—P. falciparum, Pv—P. vivax, Mix—mixed infection), and death. The risk factors of death were considered to have the same effect across the transitions. The patients with P. malariae and P. ovale infections were excluded from the analysis due to rare number of events. The red and blue solid circles correspond to estimates of HR for early and late death, respectively. The age categories (0, 1], (1, 5] and (5, 15] represent the ages >0 to ≤1 years, >1 to ≤ 5 years and >5 to ≤15 years, respectively