Fig. 1

Conceptual framework for the relationship between UPF consumption at 4 years and adiposity (A) and metabolic indicators (B) at 6 years. Notes: UPF – ultra-processed foods, SES – socioeconomic status, BMI – body mass index, (i) – initial values at 4 years, (p) – other values during the study period, (f) – final values at 6 years