The consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with adiposity, but not with metabolic indicators in a prospective cohort study of Chilean preschool children

Table 4 Associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (in calories and grams) at 4 years, anthropometric indicators (n = 762), and body composition at 6 years (n = 690). FECHIC, 2018

Adiposity outcomes	Per 100 cal of UPF			Per 100 g of UPF
Adiposity outcomes	β	95% CI		β	95% CI
Anthropometric indicators
BMI z-score
Model 0 – Crude	− 0.02	− 0.09	0.05	0.07	− 0.03	0.16
Model 1 – Covariables	− 0.01	− 0.09	0.06	0.03	− 0.07	0.12
Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake	0.24	0.16	0.33	0.21	0.10	0.31
WC, cm
Model 0 – Crude	− 0.43	− 0.84	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.54	0.48
Model 1 – Covariables	− 0.35	− 0.75	0.06	− 0.08	− 0.59	0.43
Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake	0.89	0.41	1.37	0.86	0.32	1.40
Body composition
Fat mass (log −), kg
Model 0 – Crude	− 0.02	− 0.04	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.05	0.01
Model 1 – Covariables	− 0.01	− 0.03	0.01	− 0.01	− 0.03	0.02
Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake	0.06	0.03	0.09	0.04	0.01	0.07
Fat mass (log −), %
Model 0 – Crude	− 0.01	− 0.03	− 0.001	− 0.02	− 0.03	− 0.0005
Model 1 – Covariables	− 0.01	− 0.03	0.01	− 0.005	− 0.02	0.01
Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake	0.03	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.003	0.04

Notes: UPF Ultra-processed foods, BMI Body mass index, WC Waist circumference. Stabilized inverse probability weights were included in all models. Model 1: adjusted for children´s sex, age, and screen time, and mothers’ BMI, age, educational level, and work outside home status. Model 2: adjusted for all covariates from model 1 plus usual total caloric intake

ISSN: 1741-7015