Table 5 Association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (in calories and grams) at 4 years and metabolic indicators at 6 years (n = 628). FECHIC, 2018

Blood glucose, mg/dl

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.30

 − 0.83

0.22

0.25

 − 0.37

0.87

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.34

 − 0.86

0.17

0.08

-0.57

0.72

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

 − 0.28

 − 0.91

0.35

0.27

 − 0.43

0.97

Insulinemia (log −), μU/ml

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.02

 − 0.04

0.01

0.02

 − 0.01

0.06

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.02

 − 0.05

0.01

 − 0.01

 − 0.04

0.03

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.01

 − 0.02

0.05

0.02

 − 0.01

0.06

HOMA-IR (log −)

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.02

 − 0.05

0.004

 − 0.01

 − 0.04

0.02

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.02

 − 0.05

0.005

 − 0.004

 − 0.04

0.03

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.01

 − 0.02

0.05

0.03

 − 0.01

0.06

Total cholesterol, mg/dl

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.25

 − 1.88

1.37

 − 0.10

 − 2.13

1.93

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.23

 − 1.88

1.43

0.04

 − 2.06

2.15

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.22

 − 1.90

2.35

0.44

 − 1.89

2.76

LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

 Model 0 – Crude

0.62

 − 0.04

1.27

0.70

 − 0.12

1.53

 Model 1 – Covariables

0.52

 − 0.16

1.20

0.65

 − 0.25

1.55

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.10

 − 0.80

1.01

0.31

 − 0.70

1.33

HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.48

 − 1.79

0.83

 − 0.46

 − 2.10

1.18

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.41

 − 1.75

0.93

 − 0.57

 − 2.31

1.17

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.18

 − 1.51

1.87

 − 0.15

 − 2.03

1.74

Triglycerides (log −), mg/dl

 Model 0 – Crude

 − 0.01

 − 0.04

0.01

 − 0.01

 − 0.04

0.02

 Model 1 – Covariables

 − 0.01

 − 0.03

0.01

0.001

 − 0.03

0.03

 Model 2 – Covariables + caloric intake

0.002

 − 0.03

0.03

0.02

 − 0.01

0.04