Table 1 Characteristics of participants by hearing and vision status, n (%)
All (n = 90,893) | Hearing status | Vision status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal hearing (n = 81,219) | Mild hearing impairment (n = 8088) | Severe hearing impairment (n = 1586) | Normal vision (n = 88,585) | Vision impairment (n = 2308) | ||
Age at baseline | ||||||
< 50 | 20,806 | 19,723(24.38) | 928(11.47) | 155(9.77) | 20,470(23.11) | 336(14.56) |
50–60 | 33,484 | 30,751(37.86) | 2352(29.08) | 381(24.02) | 32,627(36.83) | 857(37.13) |
> 60 | 36,603 | 30,745(37.85) | 4808(59.45) | 1050(66.20) | 35,488(40.06) | 1115(48.31) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 48,747 | 43,661(53.76) | 4335(53.60) | 751(47.35) | 47,502(53.62) | 1245(53.94) |
Male | 42,146 | 37,558(46.24) | 3753(46.40) | 835(52.65) | 41,083(46.38) | 1063(46.06) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 83,124 | 75,202(92.59) | 6715(83.02) | 1207(76.10) | 81,104(91.56) | 2020(87.52) |
Asian or Asian British | 3003 | 2252(2.77) | 590(7.29) | 161(10.15) | 2900(3.27) | 103(4.46) |
Black or Black British | 2596 | 2004(2.47) | 460(5.69) | 132(8.32) | 2486(2.81) | 110(4.77) |
Other | 2170 | 1761(2.17) | 323(3.99) | 86(5.42) | 2095(2.36) | 75(3.25) |
Education levels (years) | ||||||
≤ 10 | 790 | 564(0.69) | 154(1.90) | 72(4.54) | 742(0.84) | 48(2.08) |
11–12 | 11,568 | 9619(11.84) | 1585(19.60) | 364(22.95) | 11,159(12.60) | 409(17.72) |
> 12 | 78,535 | 71,036(87.46) | 6349(78.50) | 1150(72.51) | 76,684(86.57) | 1851(80.20) |
Townsend deprivation index (Quartiles) | ||||||
Q1: least deprived | 19,074 | 17,495(21.54) | 1379(17.05) | 200(12.61) | 18,677(21.08) | 397(17.20) |
Q2 | 21,339 | 19,284(23.74) | 1743(21.55) | 312(19.67) | 20,848(23.53) | 491(21.27) |
Q3 | 25,611 | 22,956(28.26) | 2216(27.40) | 439(27.68) | 25,017(28.24) | 594(25.74) |
Q4: most deprived | 24,869 | 21,484(26.45) | 2750(34.00) | 635(40.04) | 24,043(27.14) | 826(35.79) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
< 25 | 31,003 | 28,005(34.48) | 2536(31.36) | 462(29.13) | 30,225(34.12) | 778(33.71) |
25–29.9 | 38,672 | 34,543(42.53) | 3467(42.87) | 662(41.74) | 37,700(42.56) | 972(42.11) |
≥ 30 | 21,218 | 18,671(22.99) | 2085(25.78) | 462(29.13) | 20,660(23.32) | 558(24.18) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 36,342 | 32,294(39.76) | 3396(41.99) | 652(41.11) | 35,371(39.93) | 971(42.07) |
Past | 45,935 | 41,286(50.83) | 3880(47.97) | 769(48.49) | 44,860(50.64) | 1075(46.58) |
Current | 8616 | 7639(9.41) | 812(10.04) | 165(10.40) | 8354(9.43) | 262(11.35) |
Alcohol intake | ||||||
Daily or almost daily | 19,377 | 17,599(21.67) | 1522(18.82) | 256(16.14) | 18,938(21.38) | 439(19.02) |
3–4 times a week | 21,036 | 19,281(23.74) | 1506(18.62) | 249(15.70) | 20,534(23.18) | 502(21.75) |
1–2 times a week | 22,742 | 20,439(25.17) | 1926(23.81) | 377(23.77) | 22,200(25.06) | 542(23.48) |
occasionally | 20,799 | 18,212(22.42) | 2136(26.41) | 451(28.44) | 20,221(22.83) | 578(25.04) |
Never | 6939 | 5688(7.00) | 998(12.34) | 253(15.95) | 6692(7.55) | 247(10.70) |
Physical activity level | ||||||
Low | 5635 | 5001(6.16) | 506(6.26) | 128(8.07) | 5499(6.21) | 136(5.89) |
Moderate | 53,173 | 47,551(58.55) | 4717(58.32) | 905(57.06) | 51,818(58.50) | 1355(58.71) |
High | 32,085 | 28,667(35.30) | 2865(35.42) | 553(34.87) | 31,268(35.30) | 817(35.40) |
Diabetes | ||||||
No | 86,100 | 77,271(95.14) | 7415(91.68) | 1414(89.16) | 83,938(94.75) | 2162(93.67) |
Yes | 4793 | 3948(4.86) | 673(8.32) | 172(10.84) | 4647(5.25) | 146(6.33) |
Hypertension | ||||||
No | 68,633 | 61,886(76.20) | 5678(70.20) | 1069(67.40) | 66,982(75.61) | 1651(71.53) |
Yes | 22,260 | 19,333(23.80) | 2410(29.80) | 517(32.60) | 21,603(24.39) | 657(28.47) |
Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
No | 87,303 | 78,270(96.37) | 7581(93.73) | 1452(91.55) | 85,111(96.08) | 2192(94.97) |
Yes | 3590 | 2949(3.63) | 507(6.27) | 134(8.45) | 3474(3.92) | 116(5.03) |
Social isolation | ||||||
No | 82,652 | 74,028(91.15) | 7246(89.59) | 1378(86.89) | 80,613(91.00) | 2039(88.34) |
Yes | 8241 | 7191(8.85) | 842(10.41) | 208(13.11) | 7972(9.00) | 269(11.66) |
Loneliness | ||||||
No | 74,852 | 67,128(82.65) | 6525(80.68) | 1199(75.60) | 72,990(82.40) | 1862(80.68) |
Yes | 16,041 | 14,091(17.35) | 1563(19.32) | 387(24.40) | 15,595(17.60) | 446(19.32) |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
Several days or not at all | 86,428 | 77,464(95.38) | 7528(93.08) | 1436(90.54) | 84,265(95.12) | 2163(93.72) |
More than half the days | 2755 | 2309(2.84) | 358(4.43) | 88(5.55) | 2671(3.02) | 84(3.64) |
Nearly every day | 1710 | 1446(1.78) | 202(2.50) | 62(3.91) | 1649(1.86) | 61(2.64) |
APOE e4 | ||||||
No APOE e4 | 68,987 | 61,711(75.98) | 6055(74.86) | 1221(76.99) | 67,210(75.87) | 1777(76.99) |
One APOE e4 | 20,102 | 17,903(22.04) | 1860(23.00) | 339(21.37) | 19,621(22.15) | 481(20.84) |
Two APOE e4 | 1804 | 1605(1.98) | 173(2.14) | 26(1.64) | 1754(1.98) | 50(2.17) |
Family history of dementia | ||||||
No | 74,879 | 66,779(82.22) | 6767(83.67) | 1333(84.05) | 72,935(82.33) | 1944(84.23) |
Yes | 16,014 | 14,440(17.78) | 1321(16.33) | 253(15.95) | 15,650(17.67) | 364(15.77) |