Table 2 Characteristics and covariates that were not matched or were still significantly different after the propensity matching (total n = 8312)
Variable | Exposed before pregnancy (n = 2078), n (%) | Exposed during pregnancy (n = 2078), n (%) | Unexposed (n = 4156), n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother, age at this childbirth (year) | < 0.001 | |||
14–17 | 23 (1.11) | 32 (1.54) | 162 (3.9) | |
18–34 | 1848 (88.93) | 1829 (88.02) | 3353 (80.68) | |
≥ 35 | 207 (9.96) | 217 (10.44) | 641 (15.42) | |
Mother, heroin use | ||||
During pregnancy | 0 | 1027 | 0 | |
Before pregnancy | 991 | 902 | 0 | |
Mother, amphetamine use | ||||
During pregnancy | 0 | 1106 | 0 | |
Before pregnancy | 1168 | 895 | 0 | |
Mother, ketamine use | ||||
During pregnancy | 0 | 153 | 0 | |
Before pregnancy | 81 | 71 | 0 | |
Mother, education | 0.012 | |||
Elementary, junior high school | 1081 (52.02) | 1052 (50.63) | 2079 (50.02) | |
Senior high school | 930 (44.75) | 953 (45.86) | 1982 (47.69) | |
College | 67 (3.22) | 73 (3.51) | 95 (2.29) | |
Mother, marital status | 0.826 | |||
Single | 654 (31.47) | 678 (32.63) | 1347 (32.41) | |
Married | 977 (47.02) | 949 (45.67) | 1941 (46.7) | |
Divorce, widowhood | 447 (21.51) | 451 (21.7) | 868 (20.89) | |
Mother, Charlson comorbidity index | 0.409 | |||
0 | 1824 (87.78) | 1784 (85.85) | 3590 (86.38) | |
1 | 180 (8.66) | 205 (9.87) | 405 (9.74) | |
≥ 2 | 74 (3.56) | 89 (4.28) | 161 (3.87) | |
Mother, insurance premium | 0.012 | |||
< 20,000 $NTD | 1563 (75.22) | 1564 (75.26) | 3243 (78.03) | |
20,000–39,999 $NTD | 491 (23.63) | 494 (23.77) | 888 (21.37) | |
≥ 40,000$NTD | 24 (1.15) | 20 (0.96) | 25 (0.6) | |
Mother, residence | 0.352 | |||
Rural | 515 (24.78) | 531 (25.55) | 1099 (26.44) | |
Urban | 1563 (75.22) | 1547 (74.45) | 3057 (73.56) | |
Mother, hospital days during pregnancy | 0.884 | |||
0 | 217 (10.44) | 209 (10.06) | 420 (10.11) | |
1–3 | 846 (40.71) | 820 (39.46) | 1667 (40.11) | |
> 3 | 1015 (48.85) | 1049 (50.48) | 2069 (49.78) | |
Mother, outpatient visits during pregnancy | < 0.001 | |||
0–10 | 372 (20.95) | 813 (45.78) | 133 (3.74) | |
11–20 | 489 (27.53) | 494 (27.82) | 1000 (28.15) | |
> 20 | 915 (51.52) | 469 (26.41) | 2419 (68.1) | |
Mother, medical expenditure | 0.036 | |||
0–19,999 $NTD | 979 (47.11) | 992 (47.74) | 1895 (45.6) | |
20,000–39,999 $NTD | 616 (29.64) | 580 (27.91) | 1156 (27.82) | |
≥ 40,000 $NTD | 483 (23.24) | 506 (24.35) | 1105 (26.59) | |
Mother, prescription used during pregnancy that are harmful to the fetus | 0.171 | |||
No | 1313 (63.19) | 1309 (62.99) | 2704 (65.06) | |
Yes | 765 (36.81) | 769 (37.01) | 1452 (34.94) | |
Mother, prescription used during pregnancy that are harmful to the fetus in an animal or human experiment | 0.006 | |||
No | 858 (41.29) | 884 (42.54) | 1882 (45.28) | |
Yes | 1220 (58.71) | 1194 (57.46) | 2274 (54.72) | |
Children, order of this birth | 0.154 | |||
1 | 2068 (99.52) | 2060 (99.13) | 4117 (99.06) | |
≥ 2 | 10 (0.48) | 18 (0.87) | 39 (0.94) | |
Children, birth place | 0.004 | |||
Hospital | 1209 (58.18) | 1251 (60.2) | 2530 (60.88) | |
Clinic | 850 (40.9) | 787 (37.87) | 1550 (37.3) | |
Other | 19 (0.91) | 40 (1.92) | 76 (1.83) | |
Children, cesarean section | 0.918 | |||
No | 1345 (64.73) | 1345 (64.73) | 2708 (65.16) | |
Yes | 733 (35.27) | 733 (35.27) | 1448 (34.84) | |
Children, 5th minimum APGAR score | < 0.001 | |||
< 7 | 31 (1.49) | 32 (1.54) | 57 (1.37) | |
≥ 7 | 2047 (98.51) | 2046 (98.46) | 4099 (98.63) | |
Children, death | 0.023 | |||
No | 2036 (97.98) | 2030 (97.69) | 4098 (98.6) | |
Yes | 42 (2.02) | 48 (2.31) | 58 (1.40) | |
Children, ADHD | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1911 (91.96) | 1883 (90.62) | 3916 (94.23) | |
Yes | 125 (6.02) | 147 (7.07) | 182 (4.38) | |
Children, intellectual disability | 0.009 | |||
No | 2000 (96.25) | 1971 (94.85) | 4007 (96.41) | |
Yes | 36 (1.73) | 59 (2.84) | 91 (2.19) | |
Children, autistic disorder | 0.103 | |||
No | 2023 (97.35) | 2019 (97.16) | 4073 (98) | |
Yes | 13 (0.63) | 11 (0.53) | 25 (0.60) | |