Fig. 1

Sustaining proliferative signaling. Alterations in growth factors such as EGFR, FRα, ALK, AXL, and IGFR lead to constitutive activity in downstream signaling pathways. Most frequently affected are RAS/RAF/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JAK/STAT pathway. Constitutive activity leads to dysregulated cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell cycle progression. Currently ongoing and recently completed phase III trials targeting those molecules are displayed in the table. This figure was created using Biorender.com [26, 29, 30, 34, 35, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]