Table 1 The baseline characteristics, profile of autoantibodies, and profile of clinical manifestations of 1573 SLE patients, 525 patients with, and 1048 patients without positive anti-phospholipid antibodies profiles
SLE Cohort (n = 1573) | aPLs ( +) (n = 525) | aPLs ( −) (n = 1048) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic information | ||||
Female, n (%) | 1512(96.1) | 504(96.0) | 1008(96.2) | 0.859 |
Age at recruitment (years), mean ± S.D | 34.9 ± 11.0 | 33.5 ± 11.0 | 35.0 ± 11.0 | 0.360 |
Disease duration(years), median (IQR) | 0.3(0.08-1.1) | 0.4(0.07-1.2) | 0.3(0.07-1.0) | 0.550 |
Follow up duration (years), mean ± S.D | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 4.5 ± 2.6 | 0.283 |
Previous medical history | ||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 117(7.4) | 44(8.4) | 73(7.0) | 0.313 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 27(1.7) | 15(2.9) | 12(1.1) | 0.014 |
Smoking, n (%) | 41(2.6) | 22(4.2) | 19(1.8) | 0.005 |
BMI, mean ± S.D | 20.5 ± 12.1 | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 20.6 ± 2.4 | 0.089 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 62 (3.9) | 28(5.3) | 34(3.2) | 0.045 |
Clinical manifestations | ||||
Malar rash, n (%) | 586(37.3) | 178(33.9) | 408(38.9) | 0.052 |
Discoid lesions, n (%) | 169 (10.7) | 50(9.5) | 119(11.4) | 0.269 |
Arthritis, n (%) | 729(46.3) | 245(46.7) | 484(46.3) | 0.856 |
Oral Ulcerations, n (%) | 305(19.4) | 107(20.4) | 198(18.9) | 0.482 |
Serositis, n (%) | 207(13.2) | 71(13.5) | 136(13.0) | 0.762 |
Alopecia, n (%) | 546(34.7) | 184(35.0) | 362(34.7) | 0.843 |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 493(31.3) | 206(39.2) | 287(27.4) | < 0.001 |
Hematological involvement, n (%) | 754(47.9) | 273(52.0) | 481(45.9) | 0.022 |
Neurological involvement, n (%) | 136(8.6) | 65(12.4) | 71(6.8) | < 0.001 |
SLEDAI-2K, mean ± S.D | 7.98 ± 4.73 | 8.45 ± 4.93 | 7.75 ± 4.61 | 0.245 |
Baseline SDI > 0, n (%) | 184(11.7) | 80(15.2) | 104(9.9) | 0.002 |
Diagnosis APS, n (%) | 131(8.3) | 131(25.0) | 0(0) | < 0.001 |
Arterial thrombosis | 42 (2.7) | 42 (8.0) | / | / |
Venous thrombosis | 56 (3.6) | 56 (10.7) | / | / |
Microvascular manifestations | 25 (1.6) | 25(4.8) | / | / |
CAPS | 3(0.2) | 3(0.6) | / | / |
Pregnancy morbidity | 72 (4.6) | 72(13.7) | / | / |
Cardiac valve disease | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.4) | / | / |
aGAPSS, mean ± S.D | 5.48 ± 3.14 | 9.18 ± 3.45 | 4.17 ± 0.67 | < 0.001 |
Autoantibodies profile | ||||
Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), n (%) | 1573(100) | 525(100) | 1048(100) | / |
Anti-dsDNA antibody, n (%) | 1050(66.8) | 377(71.8) | 673(64.2) | 0.003 |
Anti-Sm antibody, n (%) | 523(33.2) | 154(29.3) | 369(35.2) | 0.020 |
Anti-U1 RNP antibody, n (%) | 698(44.4) | 198(37.7) | 500(47.7) | < 0.001 |
Anti-RibP antibody, n (%) | 389(24.7) | 155(29.5) | 234(22.3) | 0.002 |
Anti-nucleosome antibody (ANuA), n (%) | 406(25.8) | 167(29.9) | 249(23.8) | 0.009 |
Anti-histone antibody (AHA), n (%) | 309(19.7) | 123(23.4) | 186(17.7) | 0.007 |
Anti-phospholipid (aPLs) antibodies, n (%) | 525(33.4) | 525(100.0) | 0(0) | |
Anticardiolipin antibodies, n (%) | 299(19.0) | 299 (56.95) | 0(0) | / |
IgG | 249(15.8) | 249 (47.4) | 0(0) | / |
IgM | 48(3.1) | 48 (9.1) | 0(0) | / |
Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgG/M, n (%) | 245(15.6) | 245 (46.7) | 0(0) | / |
IgG | 199(12.7) | 199 (37.9) | 0(0) | / |
IgM | 83(5.3) | 83 (15.8) | 0(0) | / |
Lupus anticoagulant, n (%) | 324(20.6) | 324 (61.7) | 0(0) | / |
High risk aPLs antibodies profile, n (%) | 377(24.0) | 377 (71.8) | 0(0) | / |
Double aPLs positivity, n (%) | 174(11.1) | 174 (33.1) | 0(0) | / |
Triple aPLs positivity, n (%) | 84(5.3) | 84 (16.0) | 0(0) | / |
Low risk aPLs antibodies profile, n (%) | 148(9.4) | 148 (28.2) | 0(0) | / |
Therapeutic regime | ||||
Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 1454(92.4) | 488(93.0) | 966(92.2) | 0.583 |
Pulse therapy, n (%) | 92(9.0) | 45(13.0) | 47(7.0) | 0.001 |
Immunosuppressant, n (%) | 1548(98.4) | 514(97.9) | 1034(98.7) | 0.256 |
Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 1429(90.8) | 480(91.4) | 949(90.6) | 0.570 |
Antithrombotic therapy, n (%) | 391(24.9) | 358(68.2) | 33(3.1) | < 0.001 |
Low dose aspirin, n (%) | 335(21.3) | 302(57.5) | 33(3.1) | < 0.001 |
Anticoagulant therapy, n (%) | 101(6.4) | 101(19.2) | 0(0) | / |