Fig. 3

Biomarker concentrations reported from each study compared between the Control group and the Diabetes group. Data represented as standardized mean difference (SMD) have been divided into two groups: one with healthy control participants, and the other showing clinical signs of diabetes with no noted ocular complications. Both groups show concentrations for TNF-α, VEGF, IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. IV inverse variance, CI confidence interval, Asterisk indicates study data was extracted using WebPlotDigitzer