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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by status of incident hypertension at follow-up

From: Childhood body size, adulthood adiposity, underlying mechanisms, and risk of incident hypertension: a prospective cohort study of 180,527 participants

Characteristic

Overall

No hypertension

Hypertension

P value

N

180,527

164,036

16,491

 

Age at baseline (years), median (P25, P75)

54 (47, 60)

53 (46, 60)

60 (53, 64)

 < 0.001

Sex, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Female

107,299 (59.4)

99,242 (60.5)

8057 (48.9)

 

 Male

73,228 (40.6)

64,794 (39.5)

8434 (51.1)

 

Race, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 White

172,036 (95.3)

156,451 (95.4)

15,585 (94.5)

 

 Non-white

8491 (4.7)

7585 (4.6)

906 (5.5)

 

Educationa, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 College or above

82,380 (45.6)

76,443 (46.6)

5937 (36.0)

 

 High school or below

98,147(54.4)

87,593(53.4)

10,554 (64.0)

 

Townsend deprivation indexa

 Median (P25, P75)

 − 2.24 (− 3.71, 0.27)

 − 2.27 (− 3.72, 0.23)

 − 2.00 (− 3.60, 0.80)

 < 0.001

 Categories, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Low deprivation

60,037 (33.3)

54,998 (33.5)

5039 (30.6)

 

Moderate deprivation

60,286 (33.4)

54,874 (33.5)

5412 (32.8)

 

High deprivation

60,204 (33.3)

54,164 (33.0)

6040 (36.6)

 

Physical activityc (MET-min/week)

 Median (P25, P75)

960 (240, 2160)

960 (260, 2160)

860 (240, 2160)

 < 0.001

 Categories, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

No MVPAd

21,361 (11.8)

18,903 (11.5)

2458 (14.9)

 

Low (120–732)

51,144 (28.3)

46,484 (28.3)

4660 (28.3)

 

Moderate (733–3333)

74,017 (41.0)

67,814 (41.3)

6203 (37.6)

 

High (3334–7119)

22,300 (12.4)

20,214 (12.3)

2086 (12.6)

 

Too low or too high (< 120 or > 7119)

11,705 (6.5)

10,621 (6.5)

1084 (6.6)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Never

103,838 (57.5)

96,042 (58.5)

7796 (47.3)

 

 Former

57,396 (31.8)

51,019 (31.1)

6377 (38.7)

 

 Current

19,293 (10.7)

16,975 (10.3)

2318 (14.1)

 

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Never

6507 (3.6)

5731 (3.5)

776 (4.7)

 

 Former

5802 (3.2)

5058 (3.1)

744 (4.5)

 

 Current

168,218 (93.2)

153,247 (93.4)

14,971 (90.8)

 

Intake of fruits (servings/day), n (%)

   

0.034

< 3

104,465 (57.9)

95,051 (57.9)

9414 (57.1)

 

≥ 3

76,062 (42.1)

68,985 (42.1)

7077 (42.9)

 

Intake of vegetables (servings/day), n (%)

   

0.093

< 3

31,521 (17.5)

28,563 (17.4)

2958 (17.9)

 

≥ 3

149,006 (82.5)

135,473 (82.6)

13,533 (82.1)

 

Intake of whole grains (servings/day), n (%)

   

0.182

< 3

155,602 (86.2)

141,331 (86.2)

14,271 (86.5)

 

≥ 3

24,925 (13.8)

22,705 (13.8)

2220 (13.5)

 

Sleep duration (h), n (%)

   

 < 0.001

< 7

41,221 (22.8)

36,723 (22.4)

4498 (27.3)

 

 7–8

127,733 (70.8)

117,161 (71.4)

10,572(64.1)

 

> 8

11,573 (6.4)

10,152 (6.2)

1421(8.6)

 

Sedentary time (h), n (%)

   

 < 0.001

< 4

71,562 (39.6)

66,496 (40.5)

5066 (30.7)

 

≥ 4

108,965 (60.4)

97,540 (59.5)

11,425 (69.3)

 

Childhood body size, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Thinner

59,543 (33.0)

53,778 (32.8)

5765 (35.0)

 

 About average

93,296 (51.7)

85,306 (52.0)

7990 (48.5)

 

 Plumper

27,688 (15.3)

24,952 (15.2)

2736 (16.6)

 

Body mass index, (kg/m2)

 Median (P25, P75)

25.54 (23.26, 28.27)

25.39 (23.16, 28.05)

27.15 (24.59, 30.25)

 < 0.001

 Categories, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

79,525 (44.1)

74,789 (45.6)

4736 (28.7)

 

Overweight (25.0–29.9)

73,894 (40.9)

66,510 (40.5)

7384 (44.8)

 

Obesity (> 30.0)

27,108 (15.0)

22,737 (13.9)

4371 (26.5)

 
  1. MET Metabolic equivalent task, MVPA Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
  2. P-values were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test or chi-square test
  3. aSocioeconomic status was assessed with the Townsend deprivation index, which combines information on social class, employment, car availability, and housing, according to TDI tertiles low, moderate, and high deprivation
  4. cPhysical activity was presented using weekly total MET, calculated by multiplying the MET value of activity by the number of physical activity hours per week
  5. dNo MVPA refers to those reported 0 MET-mins/week of MVPA
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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