Table 2 Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated with Poisson regression. The Akaike information criteria (AIC) is reported as measure of the goodness-of-fit for each model

Country/region of origin

 Sweden

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 East Europe

1.45 (1.30–1.61)

1.44 (1.29–1.60)

1.43 (1.29–1.59)

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

1.16 (1.05–1.29)

1.36 (1.22–1.51)

0.92 (0.83–1.01)

 Finland

2.33 (1.97–2.75)

1.36 (1.15–1.61)

1.34 (1.13–1.58)

0.95 (0.81–1.10)

1.29 (1.09–1.53)

1.31 (1.11–1.55)

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

 Horn of Africa

0.77 (0.61–0.97)

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

1.03 (0.82–1.30)

0.55 (0.44–0.68)

0.88 (0.70–1.11)

0.93 (0.74–1.17)

0.54 (0.43–0.68)

 Middle East

1.21 (1.09–1.34)

1.34 (1.20–1.48)

1.33 (1.20–1.48)

0.76 (0.69–0.83)

1.06 (0.95–1.17)

1.18 (1.06–1.31)

0.71 (0.65–0.78)

 North America

1.02 (0.64–1.62)

1.13 (0.71–1.80)

1.13 (0.71–1.80)

0.86 (0.55–1.34)

1.03 (0.65–1.64)

1.08 (0.68–1.72)

0.83 (0.54–1.30)

 Other Africa

1.25 (0.99–1.58)

1.48 (1.17–1.87)

1.47 (1.17–1.85)

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

1.24 (0.99–1.57)

1.37 (1.09–1.73)

0.79 (0.63–0.99)

 Other Asia

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

1.35 (1.13–1.62)

1.35 (1.12–1.62)

0.83 (0.70–0.99)

1.27 (1.06–1.52)

1.26 (1.05–1.51)

0.81 (0.68–0.97)

 Other Nordic

1.17 (0.91–1.51)

0.98 (0.76–1.26)

0.97 (0.76–1.25)

0.96 (0.75–1.23)

0.96 (0.75–1.24)

0.94 (0.73–1.21)

0.98 (0.77–1.26)

 South America

1.60 (1.32–1.93)

1.53 (1.27–1.85)

1.54 (1.27–1.86)

1.02 (0.85–1.23)

1.37 (1.14–1.66)

1.46 (1.21–1.77)

0.96 (0.80–1.14)

 South Asia

0.83 (0.66–1.04)

1.28 (1.03–1.59)

1.28 (1.03–1.59)

0.77 (0.62–0.95)

1.13 (0.91–1.41)

1.16 (0.94–1.45)

0.75 (0.61–0.93)

 West Europe

1.10 (0.91–1.33)

1.17 (0.97–1.42)

1.17 (0.97–1.42)

1.08 (0.89–1.30)

1.08 (0.90–1.31)

1.14 (0.94–1.38)

1.04 (0.87–1.26)

Sex

 Female

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Male

1.01 (0.93–1.10)

1.00 (0.92–1.09)

0.75 (0.71–0.80)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

1.02 (0.94–1.11)

0.74 (0.70–0.78)

Age category

 (18,25]

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 (25,30]

2.12 (1.68–2.67)

2.12 (1.68–2.66)

1.95 (1.56–2.43)

2.24 (1.83–2.75)

2.12 (1.69–2.67)

1.86 (1.55–2.24)

 (30,35]

2.15 (1.72–2.68)

2.15 (1.72–2.68)

1.97 (1.59–2.43)

2.40 (1.97–2.93)

2.25 (1.80–2.81)

1.91 (1.59–2.30)

 (35,40]

3.32 (2.65–4.17)

3.31 (2.64–4.16)

3.05 (2.46–3.79)

3.87 (3.17–4.71)

3.61 (2.88–4.53)

3.03 (2.53–3.62)

 (40,45]

4.17 (3.27–5.33)

4.16 (3.26–5.31)

3.58 (2.83–4.53)

4.78 (3.91–5.84)

4.63 (3.64–5.90)

3.50 (2.93–4.20)

 (45,50]

5.70 (4.57–7.10)

5.65 (4.54–7.04)

4.17 (3.41–5.11)

6.34 (5.18–7.75)

6.37 (5.14–7.90)

4.00 (3.40–4.71)

 (50,55]

6.62 (5.33–8.22)

6.54 (5.27–8.11)

4.16 (3.43–5.03)

7.25 (5.86–8.95)

7.34 (5.94–9.08)

3.98 (3.39–4.68)

 (55,60]

8.48 (6.82–10.55)

8.30 (6.68–10.31)

4.38 (3.64–5.28)

9.33 (7.51–11.61)

9.21 (7.44–11.41)

4.24 (3.61–4.98)

 (60,65]

10.52 (8.38–13.19)

10.16 (8.12–12.72)

3.97 (3.28–4.79)

11.25 (8.97–14.13)

11.09 (8.90–13.82)

3.87 (3.28–4.56)

 (65,70]

13.61 (10.85–17.07)

12.78 (10.21–16.01)

3.36 (2.76–4.08)

14.95 (11.97–18.68)

13.31 (10.65–16.63)

3.48 (2.92–4.15)

 (70,75]

16.17 (12.81–20.41)

14.64 (11.62–18.43)

2.96 (2.43–3.61)

18.86 (15.01–23.69)

13.87 (10.99–17.52)

3.36 (2.81–4.03)

 (75,80]

18.31 (14.32–23.40)

15.88 (12.43–20.28)

2.76 (2.24–3.39)

22.03 (17.50–27.74)

14.86 (11.57–19.07)

3.29 (2.72–3.97)

 (80,85]

13.92 (10.58–18.33)

11.78 (8.99–15.43)

2.19 (1.74–2.75)

17.38 (13.53–22.34)

10.88 (8.21–14.42)

2.70 (2.19–3.34)

 (85,120]

8.06 (5.85–11.10)

6.92 (5.10–9.40)

1.55 (1.20–1.99)

10.26 (7.67–13.71)

6.06 (4.34–8.47)

1.95 (1.53–2.50)

Charlson index

 0

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 1

2.67 (2.27–3.16)

1.49 (1.28–1.72)

 2 + 

2.60 (2.24–3.02)

1.26 (1.10–1.44)

C19 disease severity

 Confirmed case

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Hospitalized

18.56 (17.3–19.9)

14.8 (13.9–15.8)

 Intensive care

120.4 (111.7–129.8)

89.9 (83.8–96.7)

Vaccine status

 No vaccine

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Post-infection vaccine

1.02 (0.93–1.10)

1.17 (1.09–1.26)

 Pre-infection vaccine 1

0.70 (0.61–0.82)

1.00 (0.87–1.14)

 Pre-infection vaccine 2

0.22 (0.19–0.25)

0.37 (0.33–0.41)

 Pre-infection vaccine 3

0.17 (0.15–0.19)

0.33 (0.30–0.38)

Disposable income quartiles

 Q1

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Q2

0.87 (0.78–0.97)

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

 Q3

0.81 (0.73–0.90)

1.03 (0.96–1.12)

 Q4

0.69 (0.61–0.78)

0.93 (0.86–1.02)

Education

 Primary

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Secondary

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

1.05 (0.97–1.12)

 Post-secondary

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

1.18 (1.09–1.28)

 Unknown

0.81 (0.65–1.00)

0.85 (0.69–1.05)

Occupational skill level^a

 3,4

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 2

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

0.95 (0.88–1.01)

 1

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

0.82 (0.72–0.94)

 AF

0.54 (0.20–1.42)

0.55 (0.21–1.45)

 X

1.16 (1.04–1.29)

0.86 (0.79–0.93)