Fig. 4

Percent reduction in HIV infections over 2025–2050 when biomedical and structural interventions are provided to women and men exposed to widow cleansing and wife inheritance. Biomedical interventions included universal HIV testing for widowed women, cleansers, and inheritors, with HIV treatment initiation for those tested positive. For those tested HIV-negative, biomedical interventions included either low (30%) or high (70%) uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with 95% efficacy. For inherited widows and their inheritors, PrEP was assumed to continue for 1 year since the inheritance occurs. Structural interventions were assumed to reduce the exposure of widowed women to widow cleansing and wife inheritance by 30% or 70% (low vs. high uptake). All scenarios are compared to a scenario without biomedical or structural interventions