Table 2 Clinicopathological characteristics and perioperative endpoints according to the classified systemic nutrition/inflammation risk in the development cohort

Demographic data

 Age, years

60.0 ± 9.43

60.3 ± 10.7

63.2 ± 10.5

 < 0.001

60.3 ± 10.6

60.5 ± 10.1

61.0 ± 10.4

0.70

0.95

0.76

0.59

 Gender (female)

353 (70.7)

238 (47.7)

133 (26.7)

 < 0.001

132 (47.5)

132 (47.5)

133 (47.8)

1.00

0.93

1.00

0.92

 Smoking history

110 (22.0)

180 (36.1)

270 (54.1)

 < 0.001

95 (34.2)

99 (35.6)

110 (39.6)

0.39

0.19

0.72

0.34

 Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 3

66 (13.2)

72 (14.4)

105 (21.0)

0.002

39 (14.0)

45 (16.2)

50 (18.0)

0.45

0.20

0.48

0.57

 Comorbidities

  Cardiovascular disease

61 (12.2)

64 (12.8)

84 (16.8)

0.074

36 (12.9)

33 (11.9)

40 (14.4)

0.68

0.62

0.70

0.38

  Pulmonary disease

24 (4.81)

23 (4.61)

35 (7.01)

0.18

15 (5.40)

12 (4.32)

17 (6.12)

0.63

0.72

0.55

0.34

  Diabetes

40 (8.02)

46 (9.22)

71 (14.2)

0.003

26 (9.35)

26 (9.35)

34 (12.2)

0.44

0.27

1.00

0.27

 Pulmonary function

  FEV1, %

97.6 (85.2–109.0)

95.0 (82.7–106.1)

91.1 (77.7–103.0)

0.003

94.1 (77.1–108.2)

93.0 (81.3–106.1)

91.4 (76.1–103.3)

0.48

0.37

0.87

0.25

  FEV1/FVC, %

79.1 (74.9–82.6)

78.5 (72.9–82.5)

77.4 (70.9–82.0)

0.003

78.3 (74.0–82.2)

78.5 (73.2–82.8)

78.1 (71.6–82.1)

0.55

0.32

0.98

0.37

  DLCO, %

88.1 (78.4–97.9)

87.6 (76.9–96.6)

83.7 (71.7–95.0)

0.001

87.0 (77.9–96.5)

87.1 (74.9–98.7)

85.8 (73.3–97.4)

0.31

0.13

0.48

0.39

 Body mass index, kg/m²

24.1 ± 3.13

24.1 ± 3.04

24.0 ± 3.22

0.95

24.5 ± 3.31

24.1 ± 3.03

24.1 ± 3.32

0.31

0.17

0.21

0.84

Surgical parameters

 Operative time, min

160 (135–195)

165 (135–200)

170 (140–205)

0.014

165 (140–205)

170 (140–210)

178 (140–210)

0.35

0.16

0.34

0.61

 Estimated blood loss, ml

50 (30–100)

50 (30–100)

50 (40–100)

 < 0.001

50 (30–100)

50 (30–100)

50 (40–100)

0.11

0.10

0.16

0.22

 Lymph node dissection stations

7 (6–8)

7 (6–7)

6 (6–7)

0.99

6 (6–8)

7 (6–8)

7 (6–7)

0.65

0.84

0.41

0.46

 No. of harvested lymph nodes

15 (11–20)

15 (11–20)

15 (12–22)

0.045

16 (12–20)

15 (11–20)

15 (12–21)

0.28

0.44

0.41

0.11

Cancer characteristics

 Tumor location: right/left

314/185 (62.9/37.1)

297/202 (59.5/40.5)

319/180 (63.9/36.1)

0.32

186/92 (66.9/33.1)

181/97 (65.1/34.9)

171/107 (61.5/38.5)

0.40

0.19

0.65

0.38

 Histology: AD/SCC/others

448/33/18 (89.8/6.61/3.61)

408/70/21 (81.8/14.0/4.21)

369/106/24 (73.9/21.2/4.81)

 < 0.001

241/26/11 (86.7/9.35/3.96)

235/34/9 (84.5/12.2/3.24)

231/37/10 (83.1/13.3/3.60)

0.60

0.34

0.61

0.90

 Multiple primary cancer

60 (12.0)

46 (9.22)

53 (10.6)

0.36

30 (10.8)

32 (11.5)

24 (8.63)

0.51

0.39

0.79

0.26

 Pleural invasion

144 (28.9)

127 (25.5)

150 (30.1)

0.22

81 (29.1)

84 (30.2)

92 (33.1)

0.58

0.31

0.78

0.47

 Vascular invasion

83 (16.6)

76 (15.2)

110 (22.0)

0.013

40 (14.4)

42 (15.1)

36 (12.9)

0.76

0.62

0.81

0.46

 Pathological TNM stage IA/IB/II/III

235/124/59/81 (47.1/24.8/11.8/16.2)

238/126/68/67 (47.7/25.3/13.6/13.4)

191/119/92/97 (38.3/23.8/18.4/19.4)

 < 0.001

125/73/34/46 (45.0/26.3/12.2/16.5)

117/72/45/44 (42.1/25.9/16.2/15.8)

114/73/44/47 (41.0/26.3/15.8/16.9)

0.62

0.34

0.51

0.77

Postoperative complications

 Cardiac complications

4 (0.802)

14 (2.81)

17 (3.41)

0.017

2 (0.719)

11 (3.96)

14 (5.04)

0.011

0.002

0.012

0.54

  Supraventricular arrhythmia

2 (0.401)

12 (2.40)

15 (3.01)

0.008

1 (0.360)

9 (3.24)

13 (4.68)

0.007

0.001

0.025

0.38

  Cardiac ischemia/infarction

1 (0.200)

1 (0.200)

0

0.61

0

1 (0.360)

0

0.37

–

1.00

1.00

  Heart failure

2 (0.401)

2 (0.401)

2 (0.401)

1.00

2 (0.719)

2 (0.719)

1 (0.360)

0.82

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Pulmonary complications

20 (4.01)

37 (7.41)

39 (7.82)

0.026

15 (5.40)

21 (7.55)

30 (10.8)

0.060

0.020

0.30

0.19

  Pneumonia

5 (1.00)

10 (2.00)

13 (2.61)

0.17

4 (1.44)

7 (2.52)

10 (3.60)

0.27

0.10

0.36

0.46

  ARDS

1 (0.200)

0

0

0.37

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Respiratory failure

2 (0.401)

3 (0.601)

3 (0.601)

0.88

2 (0.719)

3 (1.08)

3 (1.08)

0.88

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Fistula of lung

12 (2.40)

24 (4.81)

21 (4.21)

0.12

10 (3.60)

13 (4.68)

17 (6.12)

0.38

0.17

0.52

0.45

  Fistula of bronchus

0

1 (0.200)

3 (0.601)

0.17

0

0

1 (0.360)

0.38

1.00

–

1.00

  Atelectasis

2 (0.401)

4 (0.802)

4 (0.802)

0.67

0

1 (0.360)

3 (1.08)

0.17

0.25

1.00

0.62

 Gastrointestinal complications

3 (0.601)

2 (0.401)

8 (1.60)

0.090

2 (0.719)

0

7 (2.52)

0.013

0.18

0.48

0.022

  Digestive ulcer

1 (0.200)

0

2 (0.401)

0.37

1 (0.360)

0

1 (0.360)

0.61

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Duodenal perforation

0

1 (0.200)

0

0.37

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Gastroparesis

0

1 (0.200)

1 (0.200)

0.61

0

0

1 (0.360)

0.37

1.00

–

1.00

  Ileus

1 (0.200)

0

0

0.37

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Liver function damage

1 (0.200)

0

5 (1.00)

0.030

1 (0.360)

0

5 (1.80)

0.029

0.22

1.00

0.072

 Specific complications

  Hypoalbuminemia

2 (0.401)

9 (1.80)

13 (2.61)

0.019

1 (0.360)

3 (1.08)

8 (2.88)

0.037

0.044

0.62

0.13

  Chylothorax

2 (0.401)

7 (1.40)

7 (1.40)

0.21

1 (0.360)

3 (1.08)

5 (1.80)

0.26

0.22

0.62

0.72

  Wound infection

2 (0.401)

1 (0.200)

3 (0.601)

0.61

1 (0.360)

1 (0.360)

2 (0.719)

0.78

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Thrombosis/thrombus/embolism

1 (0.200)

1 (0.200)

3 (0.601)

0.45

1 (0.360)

0

3 (1.08)

0.17

0.62

1.00

0.25

 Other complications

4 (0.802)

3 (0.601)

7 (1.40)

0.39

4 (1.44)

0

3 (1.08)

0.15

1.00

0.13

0.25

 Overall complications

36 (7.21)

63 (12.6)

83 (16.6)

 < 0.001

25 (8.99)

32 (11.5)

59 (21.2)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.33

0.002

 Clavien–Dindo grades I/II/III/IV/V

11/10/9/5/1 (2.20/2.00/1.80/1.00/0.200)

19/32/7/2/3 (3.81/6.41/1.40/0.401/0.601)

24/44/9/4/2 (4.81/8.82/1.80/0.802/0.401)

 < 0.001

9/8/3/4/1 (3.24/2.88/1.08/1.44/0.360)

5/19/4/1/3 (1.80/6.83/1.44/0.360/1.08)

15/33/6/3/2 (5.40/11.9/2.16/1.08/0.719)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.31

0.003

 CCI, median (10–90% range)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–8.66)

0 (0–20.9)

 < 0.001

0 (0–0)

0 (0–13.1)

0 (0–20.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.29

0.003

Recovery endpoints

 Chest tube duration, days

4 (3–6)

5 (3–7)

5 (3–7)

 < 0.001

4 (3–6)

4 (3–6)

6 (3–8)

0.003

0.002

0.84

0.005

 Postoperative hospital stay, days

6 (5–8)

7 (5–9)

7 (6–10)

 < 0.001

7 (5–8)

6 (5–8)

7 (6–10)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.43

 < 0.001

 Unscheduled readmission within 30 days

6 (1.20)

5 (1.00)

9 (1.80)

0.52

5 (1.80)

4 (1.44)

6 (2.16)

0.82

0.76

0.74

0.40

 90-day mortality

2 (0.401)

6 (1.20)

11 (2.20)

0.039

2 (0.719)

5 (1.80)

8 (2.88)

0.16

0.056

0.45

0.52