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Table 2 HRs (95% CIs) for primary and secondary outcomes by HLFs score in ADVANCE

From: Healthy lifestyle factors and combined macrovascular and microvascular events in diabetes patients with high cardiovascular risk: results from ADVANCE

 

Number of HLFs

 

Per point increase in HLFs score

 

0

1

2

 ≥ 3

P trend

Combined macrovascular and microvascular events

 Events, n (%)

286 (23.3)

907 (20.4)

716 (17.6)

214 (15.3)

  

 Model 1

1.00

0.87 (0.76–1.00)

0.73 (0.64–0.84)

0.62 (0.52–0.74)

 < 0.001

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

 Model 2

1.00

0.84 (0.74–0.97)

0.72 (0.63–0.83)

0.68 (0.57–0.81)

 < 0.001

0.87 (0.83–0.92)

Macrovascular events

 Events, n (%)

171 (14.0)

500 (11.3)

369 (9.1)

105 (7.5)

  

 Model 1

1.00

0.81 (0.68–0.97)

0.64 (0.54–0.77)

0.52 (0.40–0.66)

 < 0.001

0.80 (0.75–0.86)

 Model 2

1.00

0.81 (0.68–0.97)

0.66 (0.55–0.79)

0.58 (0.46–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.83 (0.78–0.89)

Microvascular events

 Events, n (%)

140 (11.4)

480 (10.8)

390 (9.6)

121 (8.6)

  

 Model 1

1.00

0.95 (0.79–1.15)

0.83 (0.68–1.00)

0.73 (0.57–0.93)

0.001

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

 Model 2

1.00

0.87 (0.72–1.06)

0.77 (0.63–0.93)

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.007

0.91 (0.85–0.97)

All-cause mortality

 Events, n (%)

166 (13.5)

463 (10.4)

314 (7.7)

88 (6.3)

  

 Model 1

1.00

0.76 (0.64–0.91)

0.56 (0.46–0.67)

0.44 (0.34–0.57)

 < 0.001

0.75 (0.70–0.81)

 Model 2

1.00

0.76 (0.64–0.91)

0.57 (0.47–0.69)

0.48 (0.37–0.63)

 < 0.001

0.77 (0.72–0.83)

  1. HLFs indicates healthy lifestyle factors
  2. Model 1. Adjusted for age, sex, glucose treatment group allocation, and BP treatment group allocation
  3. Model 2. Further adjusted for region of residence (Asia vs. not), history of macrovascular disease, history of microvascular disease, duration of diabetes, heart rate, creatinine clearance, currently treated hypertension, any lipid lowing treatment, any antiplatelet, metformin, any sulphonylureas, total cholesterol, triglycerides and hemoglobin A1c