Table 1 Characteristics of retracted publications
Characteristic | Number of retracted publications (%) |
|---|---|
Top 3 countriesa | |
 China | 284/517 (54.9) |
 USA | 95/517 (18.4) |
 Japan | 40/517 (7.7) |
Institutiona | |
 Hospital involved | 311/517 (60.2) |
 China | 244/311 (78.5) |
 Others | 71/311 (22.8) |
 Hospital uninvolved | 206/517 (39.8) |
 China | 40/206 (19.4) |
 Others | 179/206 (86.9) |
Stem cell typesa | |
 SSCs | 414/517 (80.1) |
 MSCs | 260/414 (62.8) |
 Bone marrow MSCs | 169/260 (65.0) |
 Adipose MSCs | 47/260 (18.1) |
 Umbilical cord or cord blood MSCs | 33/260 (12.7) |
 Other MSCs | 33/260 (12.7) |
 Neural stem cells | 46/414 (11.1) |
 Hematopoietic stem cells | 42/414 (10.1) |
 Cardiac stem cells | 15/414 (3.6) |
 Others | 51/414 (12.3) |
 ESCs | 66/517 (12.8) |
 iPSCs | 37/517 (7.2) |
Applications | |
 Bone regeneration | 115/517 (22.2) |
 Neural disease therapy | 55/517 (10.6) |
 Organ repair | 51/517 (9.9) |
 Cancer therapy | 28/517 (5.4) |
 Dental regeneration | 27/517 (5.2) |
 Hematological diseases therapy | 18/517 (3.5) |
 Vascular regeneration | 16/517 (3.1) |
 Skin healing | 8/517 (1.5) |
 Aging-related therapy | 7/517 (1.4) |
Retraction reasonsa,b | |
 Data flaw | 263/517 (50.9) |
 Concerns/issues about data | 130/263 (49.4) |
 Original data not provided | 65/263 (24.7) |
 Unreliable data | 48/263 (18.3) |
 Falsification/fabrication of data | 32/263 (12.2) |
 Error in data | 29/263 (11.0) |
 Image flaw | 241/517 (46.6) |
 Duplication of image | 140/241 (58.1) |
 Concerns/issues about image | 64/241 (26.6) |
 Manipulation of image | 35/241 (14.5) |
 Error in image | 37/241 (15.4) |
 Falsification/fabrication of image | 27/241 (11.2) |
 Unreliable results | 112/517 (21.7) |
 Fake peer review | 67/517 (13.0) |
 Paper mill | 41/517 (7.9) |
 Ethical violation | 20/517 (3.9) |
JIF of the year before publication | Median (IQR) |
 Overall | 3.5 (2.5–6.1) |
 China | 3.4 (2.5–4.9) |
 Others | 4.1 (1.8–7.4) |
2023 JIF | Median (IQR) |
 Overall | 3.7 (2.3–5.4) |
 China | 3.4 (2.2–4.9) |
 Others | 3.8 (2.9–9.4) |