Fig. 1

Dose–response relationships between Life’s Essential 8 score and incidence risk of HF among all individuals. Note: the solid line represents the point estimate and the shaded area formed by the dashed line represents the corresponding 95% CI. Adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, Townsend Deprivation Index, alcohol drinking status, total sedentary time, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and depressive symptoms. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HF, Heart failure