Table 3 Study Characteristics and the Efficacy of the Intervention

Bowen et al., 2017, the USA [20]

To help women make better breast health choices

Self-regulation model

Web

Individual

• Web intervention:

NR / NR

Trained interviewers

Mammography screening uptake in past year

(IG: 82% & CG:70%)(p < 0.05)

• Breast self-examination (BSE) once per month (62% IG & 41% CG) (p < 0.05)

• Interest in genetic testing (decrease of 1.6 IG & 0.1 CG)(p < 0.05)

• Quality of life (Increase of 13 IG & 0.3 CG)(p > 0.05)

Champion et al., 2006, the USA [32]

To facilitating Breast Screening Behaviours among Populations in Underserved Areas

Extended Parallel Process Model,

Health Belief Model,

Transtheoretical Model

Computer,

Pamphlet,

Video,

Individual + 

group

intervention

• Complete computer program:

NR / (20–40 min)

• Watch the videotape:

NR / (20 min)

A project staff

Adherence of mammography screening at 6 months

(27% CG & 40% IG) (p < 0.05)

The change of mammography stage of readiness that moved to 1 or 2 stages ( 52% IG & 36.2% CG)(p < 0.05)

Champion et al., 2016, the USA [33]

To increase mammography screening in women who had not received a mammogram in the last 15 months

Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model

DVD, Telephone,

Individual

• Interactive DVD:

NR / (10 min)

• Telephone intervention:

NR / (11.3 min)

Trained interviewer,

research assistants

Adherence to mammography screening at 6 months

(IG1 & IG2 & CG)(p > 0.05)

NR

Champion et al., 2018, the USA [34]

To increasing Screening Adherence in Women Who Fail to Follow Colorectal Cancer Guidelines

Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model,

Likelihood Persuasion Behavioral Theory

Web,

Telephone

Individual

• Web intervention:

NR / NR

• Telephone intervention:

NR / (19 min)

Trained interventionists,

research assistants

Adherence of colorectal cancer screening test at 6 months

(IG1:22.7%, IG2: 52.5%, IG3: 44.4%, CG:24.6%) (p < 0.05)

The effect of intervention to move the participants from precontemplation to action was significant

IG1 & CG (OR = 1.81, p < 0.054);

IG2 & CG (OR = 7.94, p < 0.0001);

IG3 & CG (OR = 6.68, p < 0.0001)

Champion et al., 2020, the USA [35]

To enhance breast and colon cancer screening adherence in women who were non-adherent to both screenings

Theory of Planned Behavior,

Health Belief Model,

Transtheoretical Model

Web,

Telephone,

Brochure

Individual

• Web intervention:

NR / NR

• Telephone intervention:

NR / (19 min)

Trained interventionists

Receiving both a mammogram and a stool test at 6 months

IG1& CG(OR = 5.37, p = 0.025);

IG2 & CG(OR = 13.56, p = 0.0003); IG3 & CG(OR = 17.82, p < 0.0001)

NR

Champion et al., 2022, the USA [36]

To increased up-to-date (UTD) breast cancer screening rates for women in rural areas

NR

DVD,

Telephone

Individual

NR

Trained interventionists; patient navigator

Uptake of UTD mammograms within 12 months( IG2: 54% & CG: 30%)(p < 0.001)

NR

Fernández et al., 2015, the USA [37]

To develop and

evaluate the

effectiveness of 2 lay health worker

delivered CRC

screening

interventions among

Hispanics

Behavioral theory, Fishbein’s

Integrated Model

Multimedia,

DVD

Individual + 

group

intervention

• Small Media Print Intervention: NR / NR

• Tailored interactive multimedia intervention (TIMI): NR / NR

Lay health worker (LHW),

research assistants

There were no statistically significant differences in CRCS at 6 months among the IGs and CG (11.9% IG1 & 18.9% IG2 & 13.3% CG) (p > 0.05)

• Knowledge (increase of 1.21 IG1 & 1.25 IG2 & 1.31 CG) (p > 0.05)

• Self-efficacy (increase of 2.62 IG1 & 3.78 IG2 & 2.66 CG) ((p > 0.05)

• Subjective norms (increase of 12.36 IG1 & 9.92 IG2 & 11.49 CG) (p > 0.05)

• Pros (increase of 2.37 IG1 & 2.27 IG2 & 2.49 CG) (p > 0.05)

• Susceptibility (decrease of 1.58 IG1 & 1.74 IG2 & 1.69 CG) (p > 0.05)

• Intent (increase of 0.64 IG1 & 0.4 IG2 & 0.15 CG) (p > 0.05)

Gathirua-Mwangi et al., 2016,the USA [21]

To increasing Mammography Compliance in African American Women

Health Belief Model,

Transtheoretical Model

Web,

DVD,

Telephone

Individual

• Interactive DVD:

NR / (10 min)

• Telephone intervention:

NR / (11.3 min)

Research assistants, Researchers

Counselors

Mammography uptake

increased at 6 months

(41% IG1 & 42% IG2 & 35% CG) (p = 0.6491)

• The odds of a women’s adherence to screening (Contemplation vs pre-contemplation stage, OR = 8.8, p < 0.05)

Lee et al., 2017, the USA [41]

To utilizing mHealth to Promote Breast Cancer Screening Behaviour among Women in an Underserved Community

NR

Mobile Apps

Individual

• mHealth Intervention:

7 days / 8–21 messages/day

Researchers,

health navigator

Prevalence of screening mammography at 6 months

(75% IG & 30% CG) (P < 0.001)

• Intention to plan a mammogram within 1 month (increase of 14% IG & 0%CG) (P = 0.001)

• Satisfaction with the intervention (Percentage of very satisfied 40% IG & 17% CG) (P = 0.003)

• Knowledge about breast cancer and screening (increase of 6.4 IG & 4.51CG) (p > 0.05)

• Perceived benefits (increase of 1.3 IG & 0.75 CG) (p > 0.05)

• Self-efficacy (increase of 1.33 IG &1.55 CG) (p > 0.05)

Rawl et al., 2021, the USA [39]

To increasing CRC screening for African American primary care patients

Health Belief Model,

Transtheoretical Model

Web;

brochure

Individual + 

group

intervention

NR

Trained interventionists

Any CRC screening test uptake at 6 months (IG: 26.3% & CG:18.4%)(p < 0.05)

NR

Vernon et al., 2011, the USA [40]

To increasing CRC screening through tailored interactive interventions

Transtheoretical model

Web

Individual + 

group

intervention

• Web intervention:

NR / (23 min)

• Public web intervention:

NR / (17 min)

project staff,

research assistants

Completion of any CRC screening test by 6 months(IG1:28% & IG2:31% & CG:30%)(p > 0.05)

• Stage of change: IGs more likely to be in preparation at 6 months (59% IG1 & 42% CG, p = 0.001; 53.9% IG2 & 42% CG, p = 0.033)

• Knowledge scores at 6 months (IG1 2.88 & IG2 2.70 & CG 2.68)(p < 0.05)

• Self-efficacy scores at 6 months (IG1 3.64 & IG2 3.56 & CG 3.57)(p = 0.05)

Rawl et al., 2024, the USA [30]

To increasing CRC Screening Rates for Low-Income and Minority Patients

NR

DVD,

telephone,

Individual

• Interactive DVD:

NR / (20 min)

• Patient navigation:

NR / NR

Trained research staff,

A trained registered nurse

Uptake of any CRC screening within 12 months(30.1% IG1 & 49.2% IG2; 49.2% IG2 & 21.1% CG) (p < 0 .001)

• Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) scores for participants completing colonoscopy (7.13 IG1 & 6.59 IG2 & 7.05 CG)(p = 0.503)

• Colonoscopy related surgical anxiety (2.46 IG1 & 2.23 IG2 & 2.28 CG)(p = 0.559)

• Satisfaction with colonoscopy procedures

(3.38 IG1 & 3.60 IG2 & 3.13 CG)(p = 0.210)

Greiner et al., 2014, the USA [38]

To test an implementation intentions (I-I) intervention for improving CRC screening rates

Precaution Adoption Process Model

(PAPM)

Touchscreen

computers

Individual

NR

Health center staff,

research assistants

IG had higher odds of completing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at 26 weeks (IG & CG, AOR = 1.83) (p < 0.05)

• Self-efficacy (IG & CG, AOR = 1.56) (p < 0.05)

Russell et al., 2010, the USA [31]

To improve adherence to mammography in underserved populations

Health Belief Model, Extended Parallel Process Model, Transtheoretical Model

Computer,

Pamphlet

Individual + 

group

intervention

• Tailored computer program:

NR / NR

• Telephone session counselling:

1 time/month for four months / NR

Lay health worker (LHW),

research assistants

Mammography screening adherence at 6 months (50.6% IG & 17.8% CG)(p < 0 .001)

Forward movement in stage of screening (76.3%IG & 38.5% CG)(p < 0 .001)