Table 3 Trends in food and beverage purchases by processing level and by food outlet, stratified by education (ENIGH 2006, 2014, 2022). Data for acquaintances is not available for ENIGH of 2006

Street vendors

Minimally processed

75.4 (1.8)

68.5 (1.9)

70.0 (1.2)

70.0 (1.1)

68.0 (1.1)

66.4 (0.6)

63.7 (1.6)

61.0 (1.4)

58.6 (0.6)

71.4 (1.8)

55.4 (2.3)

55.0 (1.1)

Culinary ingredients

0.9 (0.3)

1.8 (0.6)

0.7 (0.1)

0.6 (0.2)

0.9 (0.2)

0.6 (0.1)

0.5 (0.2)

0.5 (0.1)

0.5 (0.1)

0.3 (0.2)

1.1 (0.7)

0.5 (0.1)

Processed

11.9 (1.4)

16.5 (1.6)

17.8 (1.0)

17.2 (0.7)

17.0 (0.8)

20.9 (0.5)

23.5 (1.3)

22.9 (1.0)

27.3 (0.5)

19.5 (1.5)

28.5 (2.1)

31.4 (1.0)

Ultra-processed

11.8 (1.4)

13.2 (1.3)

11.5 (0.8)

12.1 (1.7)

14.2 (1.7)

12.1 (0.4)

12.2 (0.9)

15.6 (0.8)

13.7 (0.4)

8.7 (1.1)

15.0 (1.6)

13.2 (0.7)

Street markets

Minimally processed

85.9 (1.6)

85.6 (1.9)

84.1 (1.2)

82.4 (0.9)

82.5 (0.9)

81.0 (0.6)

84.3 (1.5)

81.3 (1.1)

80.4 (0.6)

84.7 (2.2)

81.1 (2.2)

82.1 (1.1)

Culinary ingredients

3.0 (0.6)

3.3 (1.1)

3.6 (0.5)

3.3 (0.3)

2.8 (0.4)

3.3 (0.3)

2.2 (0.5)

2.1 (0.3)

2.2 (0.2)

1.0 (0.3)

0.9 (0.2)

1.6 (0.2)

Processed

7.1 (1.2)

7.8 (1.4)

8.0 (0.9)

9.0 (0.6)

9.8 (0.7)

11.2 (0.6)

8.6 (1.0)

11.6 (0.9)

12.3 (0.6)

9.9 (1.8)

13.4 (2.0)

11.8 (0.9)

Ultra-processed

4.0 (0.7)

3.3 (0.9)

4.2 (0.6)

5.3 (0.6)

4.9 (0.5)

4.5 (0.3)

5.0 (0.8)

5.0 (0.6)

5.1 (0.3)

4.4 (1.5)

4.6 (0.9)

4.5 (0.6)

Acquaintances

Minimally processed

-

63.8 (3.2)

60.3 (1.6)

-

57.9 (1.7)

55.2 (0.8)

-

49.5 (1.9)

48.2 (0.8)

-

49.4 (4.1)

43.1 (1.7)

Culinary ingredients

-

7.2 (1.7)

6.5 (0.8)

-

3.9 (0.8)

3.9 (0.3)

-

1.4 (0.4)

1.9 (0.2)

-

1.7 (0.9)

1.1 (0.3)

Processed

-

19.4 (2.3)

25.3 (1.4)

-

27.9 (1.4)

32.2 (0.7)

-

35.8 (1.8)

39.3 (0.7)

-

38.9 (3.7)

45.2 (1.7)

Ultra-processed

-

9.7 (2.0)

8.0 (0.8)

-

10.2 (0.9)

8.7 (0.4)

-

13.3 (1.3)

10.7 (0.5)

-

10.1 (2.5)

10.6 (0.9)

Public markets

Minimally processed

82.1 (1.4)

81.8 (1.7)

79.6 (1.1)

80.6 (0.7)

79.2 (0.8)

78.0 (0.5)

79.1 (0.9)

78.3 (0.8)

77.9 (0.4)

81.8 (1.2)

79.4 (1.4)

80.4 (0.7)

Culinary ingredients

4.2 (0.8)

2.8 (0.5)

3.1 (0.4)

2.8 (0.3)

3.3 (0.3)

3.3 (0.2)

2.1 (0.2)

2.0 (0.2)

2.5 (0.1)

1.4 (0.2)

2.1 (0.4)

1.8 (0.2)

Processed

7.2 (0.9)

9.1 (1.2)

10.8 (1.0)

9.5 (0.4)

10.8 (0.6)

11.5 (0.4)

12.2 (0.8)

12.6 (0.6)

11.7 (0.3)

9.9 (0.9)

12.5 (1.1)

11.4 (0.6)

Ultra-processed

6.5 (1.0)

6.2 (0.9)

6.5 (0.6)

7.0 (0.4)

6.7 (0.5)

7.2 (0.3)

6.6 (0.5)

7.2 (0.4)

7.9 (0.2)

6.9 (0.8)

6.1 (0.7)

6.5 (0.4)

Specialty stores

Minimally processed

74.9 (1.9)

73.4 (1.8)

78.5 (0.7)

76.6 (0.6)

75.7 (0.7)

76.2 (0.3)

73.9 (0.9)

72.4 (0.6)

71.6 (0.3)

63.6 (1.3)

63.8 (1.2)

63.0 (0.5)

Culinary ingredients

11.5 (1.7)

11.2 (1.6)

4.8 (0.4)

3.3 (0.3)

5.3 (0.6)

2.9 (0.2)

0.6 (0.1)

1.4 (0.2)

1.1 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.6 (0.1)

Processed

7.0 (0.8)

7.4 (0.7)

9.1 (0.4)

10.0 (0.4)

9.6 (0.4)

11.8 (0.2)

12.5 (0.6)

12.6 (0.4)

14.6 (0.2)

16.1 (1.0)

16.9 (0.9)

19.5 (0.4)

Ultra-processed

6.5 (0.6)

8.0 (0.9)

7.6 (0.4)

10.1 (0.4)

9.5 (0.4)

9.1 (0.2)

13.0 (0.6)

13.5 (0.4)

12.6 (0.2)

19.9 (1.1)

19.0 (1.0)

17.0 (0.4)

Small neighborhood stores

Minimally processed

50.0 (0.9)

53.5 (1.0)

50.8 (0.5)

46.9 (0.5)

50.0 (0.5)

49.4 (0.3)

42.9 (0.7)

45.8 (0.5)

46.0 (0.2)

41.8 (1.0)

43.3 (1.1)

44.8 (0.5)

Culinary ingredients

11.0 (0.6)

9.1 (0.5)

8.9 (0.3)

7.4 (0.2)

6.9 (0.2)

7.8 (0.1)

4.9 (0.4)

5.0 (0.2)

5.9 (0.1)

3.4 (0.3)

4.1 (0.5)

4.9 (0.2)

Processed

8.1 (0.5)

10.1 (0.6)

10.1 (0.3)

9.6 (0.2)

11.0 (0.3)

11.2 (0.1)

11.4 (0.4)

12.3 (0.3)

12.3 (0.1)

10.7 (0.6)

12.1 (0.7)

13.4 (0.3)

Ultra-processed

30.9 (0.9)

27.4 (1.0)

30.1 (0.5)

36.0 (0.5)

32.2 (0.5)

31.6 (0.3)

40.8 (0.6)

36.8 (0.4)

35.9 (0.2)

44.1 (1.0)

40.4 (1.1)

37.0 (0.5)

Supermarkets

Minimally processed

51.2 (3.4)

57.3 (3.1)

51.7 (2.0)

48.6 (1.0)

53.4 (1.0)

53.5 (0.6)

46.6 (1.1)

51.6 (0.7)

53.3 (0.4)

50.6 (1.0)

52.5 (1.1)

55.4 (0.6)

Culinary ingredients

13.9 (2.5)

11.3 (2.0)

13.1 (1.3)

7.0 (0.5)

7.4 (0.4)

10.0 (0.4)

5.0 (0.3)

6.5 (0.3)

8.1 (0.2)

4.2 (0.3)

3.7 (0.3)

5.3 (0.2)

Processed

6.0 (1.2)

9.3 (1.6)

10.2 (1.4)

9.5 (0.5)

9.8 (0.5)

10.5 (0.4)

10.7 (0.6)

11.3 (0.4)

10.9 (0.2)

11.2 (0.6)

13.6 (0.7)

11.9 (0.3)

Ultra-processed

28.8 (2.8)

22.1 (2.6)

25.0 (1.7)

34.9 (0.9)

29.4 (0.9)

25.9 (0.5)

37.7 (1.1)

30.6 (0.7)

27.7 (0.4)

34.0 (0.9)

30.2 (0.9)

27.5 (0.5)

Chain convenience stores

Minimally processed

52.8 (18.2)

41.3 (10.3)

32.3 (3.7)

37.8 (3.6)

35.8 (2.5)

32.6 (1.2)

37.0 (3.3)

31.0 (1.5)

28.8 (0.7)

32.7 (3.1)

33.0 (2.1)

29.1 (1.0)

Culinary ingredients

1.1 (1.1)

6.5 (3.4)

15.1 (3.5)

2.9 (2.0)

4.8 (1.3)

5.8 (0.6)

2.6 (1.0)

2.6 (0.5)

4.5 (0.4)

1.2 (0.5)

1.3 (0.3)

2.7 (0.3)

Processed

0.2 (0.2)

9.4 (4.3)

19.9 (4.2)

15.0 (2.8)

13.2 (2.3)

14.4 (1.0)

11.4 (1.8)

14.3 (1.1)

14.2 (0.6)

14.2 (2.1)

13.6 (1.5)

13.4 (0.8)

Ultra-processed

46.0 (18.4)

42.8 (9.6)

32.7 (4.2)

44.2 (3.5)

46.2 (2.6)

47.1 (1.3)

49.0 (3.1)

52.2 (1.7)

52.5 (0.8)

51.9 (3.3)

52.1 (2.0)

54.8 (1.0)

Other stores

Minimally processed

57.0 (3.6)

58.6 (3.4)

58.3 (2.0)

56.0 (2.1)

59.3 (1.8)

56.5 (1.2)

40.9 (3.0)

59.1 (2.5)

54.0 (1.2)

41.2 (3.7)

49.9 (3.9)

44.4 (1.8)

Culinary ingredients

5.1 (1.5)

17.8 (2.5)

23.2 (1.6)

2.9 (0.5)

13.3 (1.2)

17.2 (0.9)

1.2 (0.4)

11.3 (1.3)

10.6 (0.6)

1.7 (0.5)

4.6 (1.4)

4.9 (0.7)

Processed

26.8 (4.1)

2.7 (0.8)

5.1 (0.8)

26.9 (1.9)

5.8 (0.9)

7.1 (0.6)

34.6 (2.8)

8.5 (1.1)

10.9 (0.8)

24.3 (3.1)

11.2 (2.2)

22.2 (1.7)

Ultra-processed

11.0 (3.3)

20.9 (2.9)

13.3 (1.4)

14.3 (1.2)

21.6 (1.4)

19.1 (0.9)

23.4 (2.4)

21.1 (1.8)

24.5 (1.0)

32.9 (3.2)

34.3 (3.3)

28.5 (1.7)