Table 4 Trends in food and beverage purchases by processing level and by food outlet, stratified by urbanicity (ENIGH 2006, 2014, 2022). Data for acquaintances is not available for ENIGH of 2006

Street vendors

Minimally processed

76.1 (1.6)

71.7 (1.5)

72.3 (0.6)

70.5 (3.7)

67.4 (2.1)

64.6 (1.1)

69.6 (1.5)

61.0 (2.3)

56.9 (1.3)

64.5 (1.0)

58.5 (1.4)

54.3 (0.7)

Culinary ingredients

0.9 (0.2)

1.4 (0.3)

0.9 (0.1)

1.2 (0.6)

0.5 (0.2)

0.5 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.7 (0.3)

0.4 (0.1)

0.3 (0.1)

0.6 (0.2)

0.3 (0.1)

Processed

11.6 (1.2)

12.1 (1.0)

14.9 (0.4)

14.2 (1.9)

17.7 (1.4)

21.7 (0.9)

18.9 (1.2)

22.0 (1.6)

27.5 (1.0)

23.7 (0.8)

26.6 (1.1)

32.6 (0.7)

Ultra-processed

11.4 (0.9)

14.8 (1.0)

11.9 (0.4)

14.2 (2.5)

14.3 (1.4)

13.1 (0.7)

11.1 (0.9)

16.3 (1.4)

15.3 (0.9)

11.5 (0.6)

14.3 (0.9)

12.7 (0.5)

Street markets

Minimally processed

83.4 (1.8)

81.9 (1.7)

80.5 (0.7)

86.2 (3.2)

82.2 (1.8)

81.5 (0.9)

82.4 (1.6)

83.8 (1.8)

82.4 (1.2)

83.0 (0.8)

81.6 (0.9)

80.8 (0.6)

Culinary ingredients

5.0 (0.8)

4.5 (0.9)

4.7 (0.3)

3.0 (0.1)

2.9 (0.8)

4.1 (0.5)

2.6 (0.5)

2.5 (0.7)

2.1 (0.3)

2.1 (0.3)

1.6 (0.2)

1.7 (0.1)

Processed

5.4 (0.6)

7.4 (1.0)

9.0 (0.4)

6.9 (1.4)

10.6 (1.6)

10.2 (1.0)

10.6 (1.4)

8.0 (1.0)

10.8 (1.2)

9.8 (0.6)

12.3 (0.8)

12.9 (0.5)

Ultra-processed

6.2 (1.3)

6.2 (1.0)

5.9 (0.4)

3.9 (1.4)

4.3 (0.8)

4.2 (0.5)

4.3 (0.6)

5.7 (1.3)

4.7 (0.6)

5.0 (0.5)

4.5 (0.5)

4.7 (0.3)

Acquaintances

Minimally processed

-

63.3 (2.0)

62.4 (0.8)

-

61.9 (2.5)

54.9 (1.3)

-

60.1 (3.7)

48.1 (1.7)

-

36.2 (2.2)

35.5 (1.1)

Culinary ingredients

-

6.3 (1.2)

5.2 (0.4)

-

2.1 (1.1)

2.6 (0.5)

-

0.8 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

-

1.1 (0.3)

0.9 (0.2)

Processed

-

21.4 (1.6)

24.1 (0.7)

-

25.9 (2.2)

32.8 (1.3)

-

25.9 (3.0)

42.6 (1.6)

-

48.7 (2.1)

51.2 (1.1)

Ultra-processed

-

9.0 (1.1)

8.3 (0.4)

-

10.2 (1.5)

9.7 (0.6)

-

13.1 (2.0)

8.1 (0.7)

-

14.0 (1.5)

12.4 (0.7)

Public markets

Minimally processed

82.2 (1.8)

78.3 (1.3)

79.2 (0.5)

81.7 (1.7)

78.7 (1.8)

78.0 (0.9)

80.0 (1.0)

81.7 (1.2)

78.9 (0.6)

79.9 (0.6)

78.4 (0.7)

78.1 (0.4)

Culinary ingredients

4.6 (0.7)

4.1 (0.5)

3.9 (0.2)

3.1 (0.6)

3.0 (0.5)

2.1 (0.2)

2.4 (0.3)

2.1 (0.3)

2.2 (0.2)

2.0 (0.1)

2.1 (0.2)

2.6 (0.1)

Processed

7.3 (1.0)

9.0 (0.9)

9.1 (0.4)

7.1 (0.8)

11.5 (1.5)

12.9 (0.7)

11.0 (0.7)

10.7 (0.9)

12.7 (0.5)

11.2 (0.4)

12.7 (0.6)

11.6 (0.3)

Ultra-processed

5.9 (1.0)

8.6 (0.9)

7.9 (0.4)

8.1 (1.5)

6.8 (0.9)

7.1 (0.5)

6.6 (0.6)

5.4 (0.7)

6.2 (0.4)

7.0 (0.3)

6.7 (0.4)

7.7 (0.2)

Specialty stores

Minimally processed

72.9 (1.9)

70.3 (1.7)

76.2 (0.4)

79.4 (1.6)

77.9 (1.2)

77.5 (0.5)

77.8 (1.0)

75.9 (1.2)

73.8 (0.5)

72.8 (0.5)

70.9 (0.6)

68.3 (0.3)

Culinary ingredients

10.0 (1.4)

13.0 (1.6)

5.6 (0.4)

5.9 (1.3)

4.1 (0.9)

1.7 (0.2)

0.8 (0.1)

1.0 (0.2)

0.8 (0.1)

0.4 (0.0)

0.6 (0.1)

0.6 (0.0)

Processed

8.4 (1.0)

7.8 (0.6)

10.1 (0.2)

7.9 (0.6)

9.4 (0.7)

11.6 (0.3)

10.8 (0.7)

11.2 (0.7)

14.4 (0.4)

12.8 (0.4)

13.8 (0.4)

16.6 (0.2)

Ultra-processed

8.7 (1.0)

8.8 (0.7)

8.1 (0.2)

6.8 (0.8)

8.6 (0.7)

9.2 (0.3)

10.6 (0.6)

11.9 (0.9)

11.0 (0.3)

14.0 (0.4)

14.8 (0.5)

14.6 (0.2)

Small neighborhood stores

Minimally processed

48.8 (0.8)

49.1 (0.8)

49.4 (0.3)

49.2 (1.5)

50.2 (0.8)

49.7 (0.5)

45.8 (0.8)

50.5 (1.0)

48.3 (0.5)

43.5 (0.4)

45.6 (0.5)

45.0 (0.3)

Culinary ingredients

11.5 (0.6)

9.2 (0.4)

9.0 (0.1)

9.0 (0.6)

7.1 (0.4)

7.4 (0.2)

6.5 (0.6)

5.0 (0.3)

6.3 (0.2)

4.1 (0.1)

4.4 (0.2)

5.0 (0.1)

Processed

8.4 (0.4)

9.7 (0.4)

10.7 (0.2)

9.2 (0.8)

12.4 (0.6)

12.1 (0.2)

9.8 (0.4)

11.5 (0.6)

11.6 (0.2)

11.0 (0.2)

12.3 (0.3)

12.7 (0.2)

Ultra-processed

31.3 (0.8)

31.9 (0.8)

30.9 (0.3)

32.5 (1.2)

30.4 (0.8)

30.8 (0.4)

37.8 (0.6)

32.9 (0.9)

33.8 (0.5)

41.4 (0.4)

37.7 (0.5)

37.2 (0.3)

Supermarkets

Minimally processed

43.7 (3.5)

47.7 (1.8)

48.3 (0.7)

31.9 (3.6)

50.8 (2.0)

48.7 (1.3)

47.6 (1.4)

51.6 (1.2)

53.9 (0.9)

50.4 (0.6)

53.4 (0.6)

55.3 (0.4)

Culinary ingredients

11.3 (2.1)

11.6 (0.9)

12.8 (0.5)

9.9 (2.6)

7.6 (1.1)

11.8 (1.0)

6.3 (0.5)

6.9 (0.5)

8.3 (0.6)

5.1 (0.2)

5.2 (0.2)

6.7 (0.2)

Processed

6.9 (0.9)

9.3 (0.7)

9.3 (0.4)

14.9 (3.3)

10.3 (0.9)

11.2 (0.7)

9.6 (0.7)

11.6 (1.1)

10.7 (0.4)

10.3 (0.3)

11.7 (0.4)

11.3 (0.2)

Ultra-processed

38.0 (4.2)

31.4 (1.7)

29.6 (0.6)

43.3 (2.5)

31.2 (1.8)

28.3 (1.0)

36.5 (1.2)

29.9 (1.2)

27.1 (0.7)

34.2 (0.6)

29.7 (0.6)

26.7 (0.3)

Chain convenience stores

Minimally processed

27.2 (7.5)

32.8 (4.1)

32.2 (1.4)

45.8 (18.0)

37.3 (5.5)

31.4 (2.1)

38.1 (5.4)

33.1 (3.4)

30.9 (1.4)

35.6 (2.2)

32.6 (1.3)

29.0 (0.6)

Culinary ingredients

1.3 (0.7)

1.7 (1.0)

7.9 (1.0)

0.0 (0.0)

6.1 (4.1)

6.8 (1.1)

7.0 (4.9)

2.8 (1.0)

4.5 (0.6)

1.6 (0.5)

2.7 (0.5)

3.8 (0.3)

Processed

9.2 (4.8)

11.0 (2.9)

14.5 (1.1)

31.7 (16.2)

9.7 (2.4)

14.2 (1.5)

7.8 (2.6)

16.2 (3.7)

14.5 (1.6)

13.8 (1.4)

13.8 (0.9)

13.9 (0.5)

Ultra-processed

62.3 (9.3)

54.6 (4.6)

45.4 (1.6)

22.5 (12.8)

46.9 (6.2)

47.6 (2.1)

47.1 (4.9)

47.9 (4.3)

50.0 (1.8)

49.1 (2.2)

51.0 (1.3)

53.3 (0.7)

Other stores

Minimally processed

64.3 (1.9)

53.6 (1.8)

52.8 (0.9)

64.9 (6.1)

66.6 (3.8)

62.7 (2.4)

45.9 (4.3)

74.0 (4.9)

54.8 (2.8)

37.2 (2.0)

58.4 (2.8)

51.6 (1.5)

Culinary ingredients

3.7 (0.8)

17.7 (1.4)

22.3 (0.8)

3.4 (1.1)

8.9 (2.8)

7.8 (1.0)

1.3 (0.5)

5.2 (1.9)

5.9 (1.5)

2.0 (0.4)

4.8 (0.9)

3.5 (0.5)

Processed

21.1 (2.6)

6.1 (0.8)

5.8 (0.3)

20.1 (4.0)

4.1 (1.1)

10.5 (1.6)

32.2 (4.4)

3.2 (1.1)

13.6 (2.1)

35.8 (2.0)

11.4 (1.8)

17.8 (1.1)

Ultra-processed

10.9 (2.3)

22.6 (1.5)

19.1 (0.6)

11.6 (2.6)

20.4 (2.8)

19.1 (1.7)

20.6 (3.0)

17.6 (3.8)

25.8 (2.6)

25.0 (1.7)

25.5 (2.3)

27.1 (1.4)