Table 1 Common wearable and environmental sensors used in pain estimation
From: The story of pain in people with dementia: a rationale for digital measures
Device | Sensor | Data or estimations |
|---|---|---|
Wristband, smartwatch, smart ring, socks, insoles | Photoplethysmogram (PPG) Electrocardiogram (EEG) | Heart rate, heart rate variability, blood volume pulse, respiration |
Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer | Movement, activity levels, number of steps | |
Electrodermal activity sensor | Electrodermal activity, stress response | |
Temperature sensor | Skin temperature | |
Sensor combinations | Sleep patterns | |
Smartphone | Battery monitor, screen time monitor | Behavior patterns |
Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer | Number of steps | |
Belts (thoracic, waist, limbs) | Photoplethysmogram (PPG) Electrocardiogram (EEG) | Heart rate, heart rate variability, blood volume pulse, respiration |
Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer | Movement, activity levels, number of steps | |
Electromyography (EMG) | Muscle activity | |
Environmental (wall, nightstand, ceiling, furniture) | Radar | Movement, breathing, sleep patterns |
Radio | Movement, sleep patterns, pose | |
Proximity sensors | Posture, movement |