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Table 1 Age-adjusted mortality rates* for major cardiovascular disease stratified by access to exercise opportunities value quartiles in US counties, 2016–2020

From: The role of environmental access to exercise opportunities in cardiovascular mortality: evidence from a nationwide study

Cardiovascular mortality

Access to exercise opportunities

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

P value

Rate ratio, quartile 4/1

Total

272.00 (229.80, 319.62)

250.60 (214.70, 294.90)

235.30 (203.10, 272.08)

210.70 (183.10, 242.10)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.91, 0.95)

By age

 45–64 y

283.00 (220.20, 355.00)

212.60 (167.00, 277.85)

180.60 (141.25, 232.10)

134.50 (102.25, 179.88)

 < 0.001

0.95 (0.92, 0.98)

> 64 y

1649.10 (1418.90, 1906.80)

1565.00 (1361.60, 1799.45)

1493.40 (1315.10, 1688.20)

1365.50 (1207.95, 1545.30)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.92, 0.95)

By sex

 Male

340.15 (283.42, 408.15)

308.60 (263.70, 368.40)

287.25 (244.22, 345.50)

254.40 (211.50, 309.45)

 < 0.001

0.95 (0.93, 0.97)

 Female

233.30 (195.20, 280.55)

208.90 (178.10, 248.28)

195.30 (165.80, 231.33)

172.25 (144.00, 209.00)

 < 0.001

0.93 (0.91, 0.96)

By race

 White

278.80 (223.50, 346.75)

254.40 (203.00, 313.70)

235.50 (189.80, 290.50)

208.40 (167.30, 257.90)

 < 0.001

0.91 (0.90, 0.93)

 American Indian or Alaska Native

230.30 (160.25, 341.48)

303.25 (207.55, 508.17)

202.90 (154.30, 265.90)

211.80 (127.35, 297.80)

0.015

0.86 (0.73, 1.01)

 Black or African American

382.70 (301.80, 493.40)

344.25 (270.43, 444.53)

296.30 (237.70, 371.80)

258.60 (210.80, 328.90)

 < 0.001

1.03 (0.97, 1.09)

By urbanization

 Large fringe metro

253.10 (217.47, 287.80)

228.80 (199.50, 255.20)

212.35 (186.12, 238.10)

186.70 (165.88, 217.10)

 < 0.001

0.89 (0.84, 0.94)

 Medium metro

253.90 (213.90, 295.10)

241.30 (212.52, 270.23)

227.15 (200.25, 247.30)

201.75 (183.38, 236.50)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.95, 1.04)

 Small metro

263.80 (214.10, 301.60)

242.65 (210.28, 276.15)

228.40 (200.80, 262.90)

205.30 (180.80, 234.90)

 < 0.001

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

 Noncore

283.70 (241.40, 335.08)

266.80 (222.90, 313.70)

244.00 (210.00, 290.00)

236.00 (202.00, 282.70)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.92, 0.96)

  1. *Age-adjusted mortality rates are presented per 100,000 adults with 95% CIs. P values were derived using the generalized linear models. These models were employed to assess the association between access to exercise opportunities (independent variable) and group-specific CVD mortality (dependent variable)
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BMC Medicine

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