Fig. 5
Association of linoleic acid-related microbiota and pathways with metabolic markers in early pregnancy. A Associations between Bilophila wadsworthia (average relative abundance = 0.10%) and metabolic markers. All models were adjusted for maternal age (years, continuous), education (primary or middle school, high school, and college or above), gestational age at baseline blood collection (weeks, continuous), parity (nulliparous and multiparous), cigarette smoking (ever and never), alcohol drinking (ever and never), physical activity (continuous, MET-hours/week), pre-pregnancy BMI (< 18.5, 18.5–24, 24–28, and ≥ 28 kg/m2), family history of diabetes (yes and no), and history of GDM (yes and no). B Associations of linoleic acid and metabolic markers with metagenomic pathways. All models were adjusted for GDM status, maternal age, education, gestational age at baseline blood collection pre-pregnancy BMI, and intake of meat, vegetables and fruits, eggs, and dairy product. C Key steps in the D-GALACTUROCAT-PWY are shown with corresponding enzymes. Scatter plots show the correlations between the relative abundance of key enzyme (EC 4.2.1.7) and metabolic markers. D Microbiota contributing to EC 4.2.1.7 enzyme. HbA1c, hemoglobin A1 C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein