Table 1 A comparison of programmed computer systems and similar AI tools or systems

1.

Rule-based Clinical Decision Support Systems

• Drug‒drug interaction checkers

• Clinical guidelines adherence alerts

ML-based Clinical Decision Support Systems

• Deep learning models for predicting adverse drug reactions

• Reinforcement learning models for personalised treatment recommendations

2.

Heuristic Diagnostic Systems

• Symptom checkers in telemedicine platforms

• Triage systems in emergency departments

ML-based Diagnostic Systems

• Deep learning models for medical image interpretation (e.g., radiology, pathology)

• Natural language processing (NLP) models for clinical note analysis

3.

Chatbots for Healthcare Consultation

• Chatbots for scheduling appointments

• Symptom assessment chatbots for initial patient triage

NLP-based Healthcare Chatbots

• Chatbots using transformers for conversational AI

• Chatbots with sentiment analysis for understanding patient emotions

4.

Pattern Recognition Systems

• ECG interpretation software

• Radiology image analysis tools for detecting abnormalities

ML-based Pattern Recognition Systems

• Deep learning models for heart disease diagnosis

• Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for medical image classification

5.

Clinical Documentation Templates

• Electronic health record (EHR) templates for progress notes

• Surgical procedure documentation templates

Natural Language Generation (NLG)-based Clinical Documentation Systems

• NLG models for automatically generating clinical notes

• NLG templates for surgical procedure documentation

6.

Prescription Order Entry Systems

• Computerised physician order entry systems

• Prescription order templates in EHRs

NLP-based Prescription Order Entry Systems

• NLP models for extracting medication information from unstructured text

• NLP models for detecting potential medication errors

7.

Diagnostic Coding Assistance Tools

• ICD- 10 code suggestion tools

• CPT code lookup databases

ML-based Coding Assistance Systems

• ML models for automated diagnostic coding