Fig. 2

The LightGBM model was constructed using the 78 × 21 = 1638 handwriting variables from all tasks. Variable importance was subsequently calculated using the SHAP method, with class 0 representing the control group and class 1 representing the patient group. The results demonstrated that the three most influential indicators on the model outcomes were task 7 speed discrete coefficient, task 19 angle X sum, and task 8 pressure min