Fig. 2

Data processing and analyses flow diagram. The figure summarizes the development and validation of the metabolomics risk panel (MRP). Participants from the UK Biobank were split into a training set (70%) and a testing set (30%). In the training set, LASSO Cox regression identified predictive metabolites, and the MRP was validated in the testing set and the ESTHER cohort. Predictive performance was assessed using C-index and compared to the genetic risk panel (GRP) and environmental risk panel (ERP), individually and in combination. CRC, colorectal cancer